Feminist Evaluation and Gender Approaches: There's a Difference?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Feminist evaluation and gender approaches offer evaluators distinct ways of thinking and applying evaluations. A Namibian case narrative demonstrates how feminist evaluation and gender approaches, among others, resulted in a useful and used evaluation.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a historical overview and description of feminist evaluation and gender approaches and is intended for those who are interested in understanding these approaches to evaluation.
Setting: Southern Africa.
Intervention: A nonprofit that advocates for sex workers safety and the decriminalization of sex work.
Research Design: A comparative framework is used to describe feminist evaluation and gender approaches. The evaluation employs qualitative methods that explored the reality of sex work and sex workers through both semi-structured and exploratory questionnaires. The approach was guided by feminist evaluation, gender approaches, and to a lesser extent drew on several other evaluation approaches.
Data Collection and Analysis: Interviews and document reviews were used to collect data and content and thematic analyses were used to analyze data.
Findings: Feminist evaluation and gender approaches should be viewed as distinct approaches. Their use should be of interest both to evaluation scholars and to those who design, implement and/or use evaluations.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Permissions
Authors retain full copyright for articles published in JMDE. JMDE publishes under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY - NC 4.0). Users are allowed to copy, distribute, and transmit the work in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes, provided that the original authors and source are credited accurately and appropriately. Only the original authors may distribute the article for commercial or compensatory purposes. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org
References
American Evaluation Association. (2004). Guiding principles for evaluators. Fairhaven, MA: Author. Retrieved February 17, 2010, from http://www.eval.org/Publications/GuidingPrinciples.asp
Bamberger, M., & Podems, D. (2002). Feminist evaluation in the international development context. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.68
Barrett, M., & Phillips, A. (1992). Destabilizing theory: contemporary feminist debates. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Beardsley, R., & Hughes Miller, M. (2002). Revisioning the process: A case study in feminist program evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.66
Bessis, S. (2001). The World Bank and women: Instrumental feminism. In S. Perry & C. Shank (Eds.), Eye to eye: Women practicing development across cultures (pp. 10-24). London: Zed Books.
Boserup, E. (1970). Women's role in economic development. London: Allen & Unwin.
Connelly, M., Li, T., MacDonald, M., & Parpart, J. L. (2000). Feminism and development: Theoretical perspectives. In J. Parpart, M. P. Connelly, & V. E. Barriteau (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on gender and development (pp. 51-160) Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Cousins, J., & Whitmore, E. (1998). Framing participatory evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 80, 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1114
Flax, J. (1990). Postmodernism and gender relations in feminist theory. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Postmodernism and gender relations in feminist theory (pp. 39-62). New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Gardner, K., & Lewis, D. (1996). Anthropology, development and the postmodern challenge. London: Pluto Press.
Gilligan, C. P. (1982). In a different voice. Psychology, theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hirsch, M., & Keller, E. F. (1990). Conclusion: Practicing conflict in feminist theory. In M. Hirsch & E. F. Keller (Eds.), Conflicts in feminism (pp. 370-385). New York: Routledge.
Hodgkin, S. (2008). Telling it all. A story of women's social capital using a mixed-methods approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 2(4), 296- 316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689808321641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689808321641
Hood, D., & Cassaro, D. (2002). Feminist evaluation and the inclusion of difference. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.64
House, E. R. (1993). Professional evaluation: Social impact and political consequences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
House, E. R., & Howe, K. R. (1998). The issue of advocacy in evaluations. American Journal of Evaluation, 19, 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409801900209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409801900209
House, E. R., & Howe, K. (1999). Values in evaluation and social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243252
Hughes, C. (2002). Key concepts in feminist theory and research. London: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857024459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857024459
Jacobson, J. (1994). The economics of gender. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Jahan, R. (1995). The elusive agenda. Mainstreaming women in development. London: Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v35i4IIpp.825-834
Jewiss, J., & Clark-Keefe, K. (2007). On a personal note: Practical pedagogical activities to foster the development of "reflective practitioners." American Journal of Evaluation, 28, 334-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214007304130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214007304130
Longwe, S. H. (1995). The evaporation for women's advancement. In J. Sandler (Ed.), A commitment to the world's women: Perspectives on development for Beijing and beyond. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
McClean, M. (2000) Alternative approaches to women and development. In J. Parpart, M. P. Connelly, & V. E. Barriteau (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on gender and development (pp. 179-190). Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
McRobbie, A. (1982). The politics of feminist research: Between talk, text and action. Feminist Review, 12, 46- 48. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1982.29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1394881
Mertens, D. (1999). Inclusive evaluation: Implications of transformative theory for evaluation. American Journal of Evaluation, 20, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409902000102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-2140(99)80105-2
Mertens, D. (2005). Feminism. In S. Mathison (Ed), Encyclopedia of evaluation (p. 154). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Minnich, E. (1990). Transforming knowledge. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Mohanty, C. T. (1997). Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourse. In N. Visvanathan, L. Duggan, L. Nisonoff, & N. Wiegersma (Eds.), The women, gender and development reader (pp. 79-86). Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.
Molyneux, M., & Steinberg, D. L. (1995). Mies and Shiva's ecofeminism: A new testament? Feminist Review, 49, 86- 107. https://doi.org/10.2307/1395330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1995.8
Moser, C. (1993). Gender planning and development theory, practice and training. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Oakley, A. (1982). Sex, gender and society. Bath, UK: Pittman Press.
Oke, M. (2008). Remaking Self After Domestic Violence: Mongolian and Australian Women's Narratives of Recovery. ANZJFT, 29, 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1375/anft.29.3.148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1375/anft.29.3.148
Ogundipe-Leslie, M. (1994). Re-creating ourselves: African women and critical transformations. Trenton, N.J.: African World Press.
Oleson, V. L. (2002). Feminism and qualitative research at and into the millennium. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 215-255). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ostergaard, L. (1992). Gender and development: A practical guide. London: Routledge.
Overholt, C., Anderson, M. B., Cloud, K., & Austin, J. E. (1984). Gender roles in development projects: A case book. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Patton, M. (1997). Utilization-focused evaluation: The new century text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Patton, M. (2008). Utilization-focused evaluation (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pietilä, H., & Vickers, J. (1990). Making women matter: The role of the United Nations. London: Zed Books.
Podems, D. (2007). Process use: A case narrative from Southern Africa. New Directions for Evaluation, 116, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.245
Reid, E. (1995). Development as a moral concept: Women's practices as development practices. In N. Heyzer, S. Kapoor, & J. Sandler (Eds.), A commitment to the world's women: Perspectives on development for Beijing and beyond (pp. 113-125). New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Ryan, K., Greene, J., Lincoln, Y., Mathison, S., & Mertens, D. (1998). Advantages and challenges of using inclusive evaluation approaches in evaluation practice. American Journal of Evaluation, 19, 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409801900111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409801900111
Scott, J. (1986). Gender: a useful category of historical analysis. American Historical Review, 91(5), 1053-1075. https://doi.org/10.2307/1864376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/91.5.1053
Seigart, D. (2005). Feminist evaluation. In S. Mathison (Ed.), Encyclopedia of evaluation (pp. 154-157). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Seigart, D., & Brisolara, S. (2002). Editors' notes. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.61 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.61
Sielbeck-Bowen, K., Brisolara, S., Seigart, D., Tischler, C., & Whitmore, E. (2002). Exploring feminist evaluation: The ground from which we rise. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.62
Stanley, L., & Wise, S. (1993). Breaking out again. Feminist ontology and epistemology. New edition. London: Routledge.
Thompson, D. (2001). Radical feminism today. London: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446219102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446219102
Tinker, I. (1990). Persistent inequalities: Women and world development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Truman, C. (2002). Doing feminist evaluation with men: Achieving objectivity in a sexual health needs assessment. New Directions for Evaluation, 96, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.67 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.67
United Nations Development Fund for Women. (n.d.). Other documents. Retrieved January 3, 2010, from http://www.unifem.org/materials/other_publications.php?pageNum_rsResourceAll=0
World Bank. (2008). Gender-Reports and publications. Retrieved January 10, 2010, from http://go.worldbank.org/Q4YNH3HE20