The Fundamental Characteristics of Research
Main Article Content
Abstract
One of the most serious problems encountered in evaluating research, or researchers, is the dispute about what is and is not research. That is, how is research defined? Or, can it be satisfactorily defined? Of course, there are numerous competing definitions of the term and little apparent consensus. However, common usage holds that research is a truth-seeking activity which contributes to knowledge, aimed at describing or explaining the world, conducted and governed by those with a high level of proficiency or expertise.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Permissions
Authors retain full copyright for articles published in JMDE. JMDE publishes under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY - NC 4.0). Users are allowed to copy, distribute, and transmit the work in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes, provided that the original authors and source are credited accurately and appropriately. Only the original authors may distribute the article for commercial or compensatory purposes. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org
References
Alcorn, N., Cardno, C., Fairburn-Dunlop, P., Jones, A., Oeducation research in New Zealand: Experiences and recommendations from the PBRF education peer review panel. Unpublished manuscript.
Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professorate. Stanford, CA: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Calvert, J., & Martin, B. R. (2001). Changing conceptions of basic research? Brighton, England: University of Sussex, SPRU Science and Technology Policy Research.
COSEPUP. (2001). Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act for research: A status report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Glassick, C. E., Huber, M. T., & Maeroff, G. I. (1997). Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate (A Special Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hattie, J., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). The relationship between research and teaching: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 507-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004507
https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004507
Marsh, H. W., & Hattie, J. (2002). The relationship between research productivity and teaching effectiveness. Journal of Higher Education, 73(5), 603-641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2002.0047
https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2002.0047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2002.0047
McKean, E. (Ed.). (2005). The new Oxford American dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.'Brien, P., Bishop, R., Crooks, T., Hattie, J., Kane, R., & Stevenson, J. (2006). Enhancing
New Zealand Qualifications Authority. (1998). Definition of research. Retrieved May 21, 2006 from http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/publications/definition-of-research.html
OECD. (2002). Frascati manual: Proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
Research Evaluation and Policy Project. (2005). Quantitative indicators for research assessment-a literature review. Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University, Research School and Social Sciences, Research Evaluation and Policy Project.
Scriven, M. (2006). Asymmetrical tests. Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation, 4, 103-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v3i4.80
https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v3i4.80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v3i4.80
Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2004). Concise Oxford English dictionary(11th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Strand, D. (1998). Research in the creative arts. Canberra, Australia: Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs.
Tertiary Education Commission. (2004a). Performance-based research fund-2006 quality evaluation definition of research issues paper. Wellington, New Zealand: Tertiary Education Commission.
University Grants Committee. (2004). Research Assessment Exercise 2006 - Guidance notes. Retrieved January 25, 2006 from http://www.ugc.edu.hk/eng/doc/ugc/publication/prog/rae/rae2006.pdf
U.S. Office of Management and Budget. (2006). Historical tables, budget of the United States government: Fiscal year 2006. Washington, DC: Author.